MENJEMBATANI PERBEDAAN AGAMA MELALUI PENDIDIKAN : STUDI TENTANG GURU KRISTEN YANG MENGAJAR PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SULAWESI UTARA
Keywords:
Pendidikan Agama Islam, Guru Kristen, Minoritas Muslim, Kebijakan Pendidikan, Keragaman AgamaAbstract
Penelitian ini menyelidiki fenomena guru Kristen yang mengajar Pendidikan Agama Islam di sekolah menengah pertama di wilayah minoritas Muslim di Sulawesi Utara. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan desain studi kasus, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor penyebab penugasan guru Kristen pada PAI, mengevaluasi kesesuaian konten dan metode pembelajaran dengan standar nasional, mengeksplorasi perspektif siswa, orang tua, dan masyarakat, menilai dampaknya bagi pemahaman dan sikap beragama siswa, serta merefleksikan fenomena ini terhadap penerapan kebijakan pendidikan nasional. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi partisipatif di kelas PAI, wawancara mendalam dengan kepala sekolah, guru, siswa, orang tua, dan tokoh masyarakat, serta studi dokumentasi. Analisis data mengikuti model Miles dan Huberman yang meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penugasan guru Kristen dilatarbelakangi ketiadaan guru PAI yang berkualifikasi. Ditemukan adanya kesenjangan konten dan metode pembelajaran dengan standar nasional, serta dampak yang belum optimal bagi pencapaian kompetensi keagamaan siswa, meskipun mereka menunjukkan toleransi beragama yang baik. Fenomena ini mencerminkan urgensi kebijakan afirmatif untuk pemerataan guru PAI yang kompeten, pengembangan model pembelajaran agama yang inklusif, serta tata kelola pendidikan agama yang kolaboratif dalam konteks keragaman. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada diskursus pendidikan agama di masyarakat multikultural dan memberikan rekomendasi kebijakan untuk menjembatani keragaman dalam mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan nasional.
References
Agbaria, A. K., & Obeid Shehadeh, H. (2022). “Minority within minority” or a “minority of two majorities”: religious education and the making of Christian identity in Israel. British Journal of Religious Education, 44(3), 256–270.
Aiman, U., Sudiana, I. N., & Putrayasa, I. B. (2023). Optimizing Reading Ability Through the CIRC Model Assisted by Story Card Media in the Context of Multicultural
Education in Elementary Schools. Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies, 4(2), 185–194.
Ambarita, J., & Ririhena, I. (2022). Mengelola Keragaman Agama di Lembaga Pendidikan Tinggi Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Ambon. Dialog, 45(1), 81–98.
Andersland, I. (2019). Religion education, religious and national identity and the purpose of education.
Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives: complete edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Ansell, C., & Torfing, J. (2014). Public innovation through collaboration and design.
Routledge.
Anwar, K. (2021). Pancasila village, multicultural education and moderation of diversity in Indonesia. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 4(2), 221–234.
Azad, A., Sernbo, E., Svärd, V., Holmlund, L., & Björk Brämberg, E. (2021). Conducting in- depth interviews via mobile phone with persons with common mental disorders and multimorbidity: the challenges and advantages as experienced by participants and researchers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11828.
Bader, V. (2003). Religious diversity and democratic institutional pluralism. Political Theory, 31(2), 265–294.
Baidhawy, Z. (2013). Building harmony and peace through multiculturalist theology-based religious education: An alternative for contemporary Indonesia. In Peace education and religious plurality (pp. 1–16). Routledge.
Barnes, L. P., & Davis, A. (2015). Religious education: Educating for diversity. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Bian, X. (2020). Employment mismatch from a distributive justice perspective. European Journal of Training and Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-01-2020-0012
Chia, P. S. (2022). Pancasila and covenantal pluralism in Indonesia: A historical approach.
Transformation, 39(2), 91–98.
Cooper, J., Lewis, R., & Urquhart, C. (2004). Using participant or non-participant observation to explain information behaviour. Information Research, 4–9.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed.
Pustaka Belajar.
Daddow, A., Cronshaw, D., Daddow, N., & Sandy, R. (2021). Strengthening inter-cultural literacy and minority voices through narratives of healthy religious pluralism in higher education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 25(10), 1174–1189.
Darnela, L., Sugitanata, A., & Mughits, A. (2024). Integrating Tyler and Banks’ Theories in Curriculum Development: A Tracer Study Approach at UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies, 5(1), 86–102.
Dave, R. H. (1970). Developing and writing behavioural objectives. Educational Innovators Press.
De Jong, E. J., & Harper, C. A. (2005). Preparing mainstream teachers for English-language learners: Is being a good teacher good enough? Teacher Education Quarterly, 32(2), 101–124.
Della Porta, D. (2014). In-depth interviews. Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, 228–261.
Donaldson, L. (1999). The normal science of structural contingency theory. Studying Organizations: Theory and Method, 51–70.
Epstein, J. L., & Sanders, M. G. (2002). Family, school, and community partnerships.
Handbook of Parenting Volume 5 Practical Issues in Parenting, 406.
Etikan, I. (2016). Comparison of Snowball Sampling and Sequential Sampling Technique. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2016.03.00055
Fajriana, A. W., & Aliyah, M. A. (2019). Tantangan guru dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan agama islam di era milenial. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2(2), 246–265.
Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–
https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance Row. Peterson and Company. Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0041593
Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails. University of Minnesota Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/10030-000
Fitrah, M., & Luthfiyah. (2018). Metodologi penelitian: penelitian kualitatif, tindakan kelas & studi kasus. CV Jejak (Jejak Publisher).
Fraser, J. W. (2016). Between church and state: Religion and public education in a multicultural America. JHU Press.
Fuhr, E. (1996). Promoting Tolerance through Multicultural Education.
Gilead, T. (2019). Promoting Distributive Justice in Education and the Challenge of Unpredictability. Studies in Philosophy and Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-019-09655-2
Gilead, T. (2023). Conceptualizing distributive justice in education: a complexity theory perspective. Journal of Philosophy of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopedu/qhad030
Gordon, S. C., & Arenstein, B. (2017). Interfaith education: A new model for today’s interfaith families. International Review of Education, 63(2), 169–195.
Halafoff, A., Arweck, E., & Boisvert, D. (2018). Education about religions and worldviews: Promoting intercultural and interreligious understanding in secular societies. Routledge.
Hansen, O. H. B. (2013). Promoting classical tolerance in public education: what should we do with the objection condition? Ethics and Education, 8(1), 65–76.
Hasyda, S., Putrayasa, I. B., & Sudiana, I. N. (2023). Integrating the Whole Language Approach in Multicultural Education: Developing Reading Comprehension Skills and Cross-Cultural Awareness in Elementary School Students. Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies, 4(2), 175–184.
Hefner, R. W. (2000). Profiles in Pluralism: Religion and Politics in Indonesia. THE PEW PROGRAM ON RELIGION AND THE NEWS MEDIA THE LEONARD E. GREENBERG CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF RELIGION IN PUBLIC LIFE TRINITY COLLEGE HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, 81.
Hefner, R. W. (2018). Routledge handbook of contemporary Indonesia. Routledge.
Hefner, R. W. (2021). Islam and institutional religious freedom in Indonesia. Religions, 12(6), 415.
Hendra, H., Khozin, K., Irwan, I., & Anwar, S. (2024). Parent’s Contribution to Strengthening Moral Awareness of Student Religiosity Behaviour. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 8(1), 175–184.
Husson, N. M., Trangenstein, P. A., & Ketel, C. (2022). Education to Improve Point of Care Documentation in Home Care Nurses: A Quality Improvement Project. CIN - Computers Informatics Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000811
Idris, F., Hassan, Z., Ya’acob, A., Gill, S. K., & Awal, N. A. M. (2012). The role of education in shaping youth’s national identity. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 443–450.
Idrus, M. (2014). Evaluasi Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Agama Islam. El-Tarbawi, 8(1), 69–75.
Jackson, E., & Parker, L. (2008). “Enriched with Knowledge”: Modernisation, Islamisation and the Future of Islamic Education in Indonesia. RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 42(1), 21–53.
Kohlberg, L. (1971). Stages of moral development as a basis for moral education. Center for Moral Education, Harvard University Cambridge.
Kosim, M., Muqoddam, F., Mubarok, F., & Laila, N. Q. (2023). The dynamics of Islamic education policies in Indonesia. Cogent Education, 10(1), 2172930.
Kühle, L., Schmidt, U., Jacobsen, B. A., & Pettersson, P. (2018). Religion and state: Complexity in change. Religious Complexity in the Public Sphere: Comparing Nordic Countries, 81–135.
Ladeur, K.-H. (2008). The myth of the neutral state and the individualization of religion: The relationship between state and religion in the face of fundamentalism. Cardozo L. Rev., 30, 2445.
Listia, L. A., & Gogali, L. (2007). Problematika Pendidikan Agama di Sekolah: Hasil Penelitian Tentang Pendidikan Agama di Kota Jogjakarta 2004-2006 (Problems in Religious Education in Schools: Results of Studies on Religious Education in the City of Yogyakarta 2004-2006). Jogjakarta: Institut Dian Interfidei.
Loh, S., de Oliveira, P. M. J., & Leite Gastal, F. (2001). Knowledge discovery in textual documentation: Qualitative and quantitative analyses. Journal of Documentation. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000007094
Lombardo, E., & Kantola, J. (2021). Social constructivism. In The Routledge Handbook of Gender and EU Politics. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351049955-5
Mamlok, D. (2023). The quest to cultivate tolerance through education. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 42(3), 231–246.
Mariana, D., & Helmi, A. M. (2022). Madrasah Sebagai Lembaga Pendidikan di Indonesia.
Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 6(1), 1907–1919.
Maulidiah, R. H., Nisa, K., Rahayu, S., Irma, C. N., & Fitrianti, E. (2023). Multicultural Education Values in the Indonesian Textbooks: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1303.11
Miles, M., & Huberman, A. (1994). Miles and Huberman Chapter 2. In Qualitative Data Analysis.
Miller, D. (2017). Distributive justice: What the people think. In Distributive justice (pp. 135– 173). Routledge.
Moon, M. D. (2019). Triangulation: A method to increase validity, reliability, and legitimation in clinical research. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 45(1), 103–105.
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball Sampling: A Purposeful Method of Sampling in Qualitative Research. Strides in Development of Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670
Nikula, P. T., Fusek, A., & van Gaalen, A. (2023). Internationalization of Higher Education and Climate Change: A Cognitive Dissonance Perspective. Journal of Studies in International Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221145082
Nord, W. A. (2014). Religion and American education: Rethinking a national dilemma. UNC Press Books.
Nurwanto, & Cusack, C. M. (2017). Addressing multicultural societies: lessons from religious education curriculum policy in Indonesia and England. Journal of Religious Education, 64(3), 157–178.
O’Connor, E., McDonald, F., & Ruggiero, M. (2014). Scaffolding complex learning: Integrating 21st century thinking, emerging technologies, and dynamic design and assessment to expand learning and communication opportunities. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 43(2), 199–226.
Osborne, N., & Grant-Smith, D. (2021). In-Depth Interviewing. In Methods in Urban Analysis
(pp. 105–125). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1677-8_7
Prior, W., Mellor, S., & Withers, G. (2001). Promoting social tolerance and cohesion through education. Retrieved On, 12.
Raihani, R. (2015). Minority right to attend religious education in Indonesia. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 53(1), 1–26.
Raihani, R. (2018). Education for multicultural citizens in Indonesia: policies and practices.
Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48(6), 992–1009.
Rosyada, D., & Nata, A. (2020). Politik Pendidikan Agama di Sekolah: Studi Tentang Polemik Pendidikan Agama dalam Uu No. 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.
Roth, W.-M. (1997). The interaction of students’ scientific and religious discourses: Two case studies. International Journal of Science Education, 19(2), 125–146.
Rukiyanto, B. A., Christiani, T. K., & Almirzanah, S. (2024). Religious education to develop respect for plurality in Indonesia. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 1–16.
Sacerdote, B., & Glaeser, E. L. (2001). Education and religion. National bureau of economic research Cambridge, Mass., USA.
Saifuddin, A. (2015). Eksistensi kurikulum pesantren dan kebijakan pendidikan. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam (Journal of Islamic Education Studies), 3(1), 207–234.
Sairazi, A. H. (2024). Enhancing Marriage Age Awareness through Comprehensive Sexuality Education: A Multicultural Approach in Rural Aluh-Aluh Besar, Kabupaten Banjar, Indonesia. Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies, 5(1), 15–25.
Salihin, N. (2021). Persilangan kultural dalam mengelola keberagaman pada masyarakat muslim-kristen Siringio-Ringo Sumatera Utara. Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama- Agama Dan Lintas Budaya, 5(2).
Salim, N. A., Adianto, S., & A’yuni, Q. (2023). Multicultural Learning Strategies to Improve Social Care Character at an Elementary School: A Case Study at Muhammadiyah 6 Elementary School North Samarinda. Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies, 4(2), 195–211.
Schnabel, A., & Hjerm, M. (2014). How the religious cleavages of civil society shape national identity. Sage Open, 4(1), 2158244014525417.
Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338.
Sujatmoko, E. (2010). Hak warga negara dalam memperoleh pendidikan. Jurnal Konstitusi, 7(1), 181–212.
Taufik, M. (2020). Strategic role of Islamic religious education in strengthening character education in the era of industrial revolution 4.0. Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, 20(1), 86–104.
Taylor, A., & Taylor, M. (2014). Factors influencing effective implementation of performance measurement systems in small and medium-sized enterprises and large firms: a perspective from Contingency Theory. International Journal of Production Research, 52(3), 847–866.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1997). The historical meaning of the crisis in psychology: A methodological investigation. The Collected Works of LS Vygotsky, 3, 233–343.
Wahyono, S. B., Budiningsih, A., Suyantiningsih, & Rahmadonna, S. (2022). MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION AND RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE Elementary
School Teachers’ Understanding of Multicultural Education in Yogyakarta. Al- Jami’ah. https://doi.org/10.14421/AJIS.2022.602.467-508
Walker, A., Shafer, J., & Iiams, M. (2004). Not in my classroom: Teacher attitudes towards English language learners in the mainstream classroom. NABE Journal of Research and Practice, 2(1), 130–160.
Westerhoff, J. H. (2012). Will our children have faith? Church Publishing, Inc.
Wilson, L. O. (2016). Anderson and Krathwohl--Bloom’s taxonomy revised. Understanding the New Version of Bloom’s Taxonomy.
Yusanto, Y. (2020). Ragam Pendekatan Penelitian Kualitatif. Journal of Scientific Communication (Jsc), 1(1).
Zambeta, E. (2000). Religion and national identity in Greek education. Intercultural Education, 11(2), 145–156
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 transformasi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
